Turbulence modulation in buoyancy-driven bubbly flows

We present a direct numerical simulation (DNS) study of buoyancy-driven bubbly flows in the presence large-scale driving that generates turbulence. On increasing turbulence intensity: ( ) bubble trajectories become more curved and b average rise velocity bubbles decreases. find energy spectrum flow shows pseudo-turbulence scaling for length scales smaller than diameter Kolmogorov larger diameter. conduct scale-by-scale budget analysis to understand behaviour observed spectrum. Although our are weakly buoyant, statistical properties DNS consistent with experiments investigate modulation by air water.